The Fundamentals and Branches of Creed in Ahl Sunnah Waljamaah

Abstract

The creed of Ahl Sunnah Waljamaah (ASWJ) represents the foundational theological framework upheld by the majority of Muslims since the early generations of Islam. This study investigates the usual conceptual distinction between usul (fundamentals) and furuk (subsidiaries) within Islamic theology, as understood by ASWJ scholars. Recognising this distinction is crucial for addressing intra-faith differences and preventing unjust accusations of disbelief (takfir). Employing a qualitative textual analysis of classical Islamic works, including al-Farq bayna al-Firaq by al-Baghdadi, Faysal al-Tafriqah by al-Ghazali, and al-Milal wa al-Nihal by al-Shahrastani—this research highlights the criteria for determining core and non-core beliefs, such as the type and strength of textual evidence (i.e., qatʿi al-thubut and qatʿi al-dalalah). Key theological examples such as; the Israk and Mikraj, and the practice of tawassul are analysed to demonstrate how disagreements over furuk should not result in declarations of heresy. This paper affirms the ASWJ's balanced and tolerant approach to creed, advocating for theological moderation and intellectual responsibility in navigating diversity within Islamic belief. The study concludes that distinguishing between usul and furuk is vital for preserving doctrinal integrity and promoting unity among Muslims in contemporary diverse societies.